O‘ZBEKISTONDA KOBNI TASHKIL ETISHNING INSTITUTSIONAL DIZAYNI: GLOBAL TAJRIBADAN MOSLASHTIRILGAN TIZIMLI YECHIMLAR
Abstract
Maqola O‘zbekistonda kichik va o‘rta biznes (KOB)ni tashkil etishning institutsional dizaynini qayta ko‘rib chiqish uchun tizimli yondashuv taklif etadi. Avvalgi ishlanmalar odatda alohida instrumentlarga e’tibor qaratgan bo‘lsa, ushbu tadqiqot KOB ekotizimini siyosiy choralar majmuasi sifatida ko‘radi: bozorga kirish, moliyalashtirish, davlat xaridlari, raqamli boshqaruv, texnologik transformatsiya, inson kapitali va eksportga ulanish elementlari bir-biri bilan bog‘langan. Metodlar bo‘limida normativ-taqqosloviy tahlil, siyosat xaritalash, jarayon dizayni (process design) va holat tahlili uyg‘unlashtiriladi; indikatorlar to‘plami sifatida KOBning YAIMdagi hissasi, kreditlashda garovga bog‘liqlikning pasayishi, to‘lov intizomi, e-hujjatlar aylanishi, texnologik yetuklik darajasi, eksportga tayyorgarlik indeksi va hududlar bo‘yicha disparitetlar ishlatiladi. Natijalar bo‘limida beshta ustun - (1) firmalarning bozorga kirishi va formallashtirish; (2) moliyaviy arxitektura (ko‘chma mulk garovi, kesh-flou kreditlash, e-faktura va e-invoysing); (3) jamoat xaridlari orqali bozorda o‘rin egallash; (4) texnologik va yashil transformatsiya; (5) klasterlar va eksport zanjirlari - bo‘yicha muqobil mexanizmlar paketlari ishlab chiqiladi. Muhokamada ketma-ketlik, boshqaruv, xatarlarni kamaytirish va baholash dizaynlari bayon etiladi. Xulosa bo‘limi O‘zbekiston sharoitida bosqichma-bosqich joriy etish uchun konkret yo‘l-xaritani taqdim etadi.
References
I. Normativ‑huquqiy va rasmiy siyosat hujjatlari (O‘zbekiston)
1. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi (2023). Toshkent: Adolat.
2. O‘zbekiston – 2030 strategiyasi (2023). Toshkent: Rasmiy nashr.
3. “Investitsiyalar va investitsiya faoliyati to‘g‘risida”gi Qonun (2019). Toshkent: Adolat.
4. “Davlat‑xususiy sheriklik to‘g‘risida”gi Qonun (2019). Toshkent: Adolat.
5. “Davlat xaridlari to‘g‘risida”gi Qonun (amaldagi tahrir). Toshkent: Adolat.
6. “Elektron tijorat to‘g‘risida”gi Qonun (amaldagi tahrir). Toshkent: Adolat.
7. “Elektron hujjat aylanishi to‘g‘risida”gi Qonun (amaldagi tahrir). Toshkent: Adolat.
8. “Bankrotlik to‘g‘risida”gi Qonun (yangi tahrir). Toshkent: Adolat.
9. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy banki. (2019–2025). Asosiy stavka va kreditlash siyosati bo‘yicha nizomlar.
10. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Statistika agentligi. (2020–2025). KOB ko‘rsatkichlari bo‘yicha metodik ko‘rsatmalar.
II. Xalqaro tashkilotlar hisobotlari va qo‘llanmalar
1. OECD. (2018, 2020, 2024). SME Policy Index: Central Asia. Paris: OECD Publishing.
2. OECD. (2024). Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2024: An OECD Scoreboard. Paris: OECD Publishing.
3. OECD. (y.). Public Procurement for SMEs: Policy Guidance. Paris: OECD Publishing.
4. World Bank. (2024). Business Ready (B‑READY) 2024 — Methodology and Results. Washington, DC: World Bank.
5. World Bank. (2013, 2019+, 2024). Enterprise Surveys: Uzbekistan — Selected Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.
6. World Bank. (y.). Secured Transactions and Collateral Registries: Implementation Toolkit. Washington, DC: World Bank.
7. UNCITRAL. (2016/2020). Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions & Model Law. New York: United Nations.
8. UNCTAD. (yillik). World Investment Report. Geneva: United Nations.
9. ESCAP. (y.). E‑Invoicing and Digital Trade Facilitation in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UN ESCAP.
10. EBRD. (2023/24). Transition Report 2023/24: Business Unusual. London: EBRD.
11. IFC / SME Finance Forum. (y.). Knowledge Guide on SME Finance. Washington, DC: IFC.
12. UNIDO. (y.). Industrial Cluster Development: A Practitioner’s Guide. Vienna: UNIDO.
13. ISO. (2018). ISO 50001: Energy management systems — Requirements with guidance for use. Geneva: ISO.
14. ISO. (2015). ISO 14001: Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use. Geneva: ISO.
15. European Union. (2014). Directive 2014/55/EU on electronic invoicing in public procurement. Brussels: EU.
III. Ilmiy maqolalar va monografiyalar
1. Beck, T., & Demirgüç‑Kunt, A. (2006). Small and medium‑size enterprises: Access to finance as a growth constraint. World Bank Research Observer.
2. Ayyagari, M., Demirgüç‑Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2011). Small vs. young firms across the world: Contribution to employment, job creation, and growth. Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank.
3. Cull, R., Xu, L. C., & Zhu, T. (2009). Formal finance and trade credit during China’s transition. Journal of Financial Intermediation.
4. Meyer, K. E., & Sinani, E. (2009). When and where does foreign direct investment generate positive spillovers? Journal of International Business Studies.
5. Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., & Sturgeon, T. (2005). The governance of global value chains. Review of International Political Economy.
6. McMillan, J., & Woodruff, C. (2002). The central role of entrepreneurs in transition economies. Journal of Economic Perspectives.
7. Rodrik, D. (2004). Industrial policy for the twenty‑first century. Harvard University Working Paper.
8. Audretsch, D., & Thurik, R. (2004). A model of the entrepreneurial economy. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education.
9. Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (2006). A more complete conceptual framework for SME finance. Journal of Banking & Finance.
10. La Porta, R., & Shleifer, A. (2008). The unofficial economy and economic development. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.
IV. Ma’lumot portallari va rasmiy veb manbalar
1. lex.uz — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi rasmiy huquqiy portali (Qonunlar va kodekslar).
2. stat.uz — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Statistika agentligi (KOB ko‘rsatkichlari, mintaqiy kesim).
3. data.gov.uz — Ochiq ma’lumotlar portali (hududiy va sohaviy datasetlar).
4. cbu.uz — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy banki (asosiy stavka, kreditlar, inflyatsiya).
5. my.gov.uz — Yagona interaktiv davlat xizmatlari portali (ro‘yxatdan o‘tish, litsenziyalar, e‑imzo).
6. oecd.org — OECD iLibrary va hisobotlar.
7. worldbank.org — DataBank, B‑READY, Enterprise Surveys.
8. unctad.org / unctadstat.unctad.org — World Investment Report, FDI statistikasi.
9. ebrd.com — Transition Report, mamlakat sharhlari.
10. escap.un.org — Digital trade facilitation va e‑invoicing resurslari.
11. iso.org — ISO 50001, ISO 14001 standarti haqida ma’lumot.
