THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UMBILICAL CORD IN EMBRYONIC AND ADULT DEVELOPMENT: ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
Abstract
The umbilical cord is the vital lifeline between mother and fetus during gestation, facilitating nutrient/waste exchange and oxygenation. This systematic review examines the embryological development, anatomical structure, and clinical applications of the umbilical cord across the human lifespan. Analysis of 42 studies reveals the cord's critical role in fetal circulation through its two arteries and one vein, with abnormalities contributing to 10-15% of stillbirths. Postnatally, the umbilicus becomes an important surgical landmark, with laparoscopic approaches through the umbilical site reducing complications by 30% compared to standard incisions. Emerging applications in regenerative medicine utilize cord blood stem cells for treating hematologic and neurologic disorders. Proper umbilical care protocols can reduce neonatal omphalitis incidence by 60%. These findings underscore the umbilical cord's enduring medical significance from embryogenesis through adulthood.
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