REFLECTION OF THE CATEGORY OF TIME THROUGH STYLISTIC MEANS
Abstract
One of the most effective literary devices for influencing plots and character development is the portrayal of time. This article uses examples from well-known writers and pertinent linguistic theories to investigate the stylistic reflection of the concept of time in English and Uzbek literary texts.
References
Time as Cultural Metaphors
In addition to the traditional dimensional approach, examining cultural metaphors can be
another effective way to understanding different temporal issues across cultures. Gannon and
colleagues (2005) define a cultural metaphor as “an institution, phenomenon, or activity with
which most citizens in each national culture identify cognitively or emotionally and through
which it is possible to describe the culture and its frame of reference in depth” (p. 38). These
metaphors can describe how different cultures perceive different aspects of society, as well as
how different cultures conceptualize different abstract concepts, such as time. From this vein of
study, researchers have considered space to be a metaphor for time (Hubbard & Teuscher, 2010).
In this metaphor, time is considered to be an empty void that humans travel through from one
event to the next (Fuhrman, McCormick, Chen, Shu, Mao, & Boroditsky, 2011; Miles, Tan,
Noble, Lumsden, & Macrae, 2011). Americans typically view time horizontally in a backward
to forward manner and also view time as moving from left to right (Cooperrider & Núñez, 2009).
On the other hand, Chinese individuals view time as vertically moving from bottom to top
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(Fuhrman et al., 2011). Another popular metaphor is the concept of time being money
(Brodowsky et al., 2008). Tied with monochronic, industrialized societies, individuals from these
cultures perceive time as something that can be spent, invested, and wasted (Leclerc, Schmitt &
Dube, 1995). Individuals who believe something or someone is wasting their time will react
negatively in most situations (Macduff, 2006; White et al., 2011). These cultural metaphors have
provided a valuable lens that reveals a unique perspective of a culture on time, and it would be
beneficial to try to understand what other cultural metaphors could describe time
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