MODERN PERSPECTIVES ON THE FORMATION, ETIOLOGY, AND PATHOGENESIS OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Abstract
The article provides an in-depth review of contemporary approaches to understanding the formation, etiology, and pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis (OA). It examines the complex interplay of mechanical, metabolic, and hormonal factors contributing to cartilage degeneration and joint dysfunction. Emphasis is placed on the comparative diagnostic value of established methods, including radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), and arthroscopy. The classifications of OA by Kellgren & Lawrence and Ahlback are analyzed for their clinical utility in identifying structural changes and disease progression. Gender-specific risk factors, particularly hormonal influences in postmenopausal women, are critically assessed. Radiological characteristics such as joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis, and osteophyte formation are evaluated alongside emerging insights into synovial involvement and the diagnostic limitations of traditional imaging. The article consolidates current evidence to refine diagnostic strategies and improve the clinical management of knee OA.
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