THE INTENSIFICATION OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PAHLAVI REGIME AND THE CLERGY AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IN THE 20th CENTURY
Abstract
This work analyzes the intensification of the conflict between the Pahlavi regime and the clergy in 20th-century Iran, examining its causes and stages. The main focus is on the Shah's policies of secularization and Westernization, the socio-political status of religious scholars, and the activities of leaders such as Ruhollah Khomeini. The study highlights key events, including the 1906 Constitution, the "White Revolution," the introduction of a secular judiciary, and the restriction of clerical rights. As a result, the 1978–1979 Islamic Revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Islamic Republic based on religious governance, emphasizing the decisive role of Shi'a clerics. In conclusion, the text underscores the radical transformation of Iran's state system, the consolidation of Shi'ism as the official religion, and the full integration of Islamic values into the country's public life.
References
Bartold, V. V. (1966). Teokraticheskiye idei i svetskaya vlast' [Theocratic ideas and secular power]. In Sochineniya (Vol. 6, p. 174). Nauka. (Original work in Russian)
Doroshenko, Ye. A. (1985). Shiiitskoye dukhovenstvo v sovremennom Irane [Shi'a clergy in contemporary Iran]. Nauka. (Original work in Russian)
Konstitutsii gosudarstv Blizhnego i Srednego Vostoka [Constitutions of the states of the Near and Middle East]. (1956). [Publisher not identified]. (Original work in Russian)
Lider islamskoy revolyutsii: zhiznennyy put', deyatel'nost', nauchnye trudy [Leader of the Islamic Revolution: life, activities, scholarly works]. (2000). Persiya: Prilozhenie k zhurnalu 'Aziya i Afrika segodnya', 2, 13. (Original work in Russian)
Milanyan, M. D. (1973). Gosudarstvennyy stroy sovremennogo Irana [The state structure of contemporary Iran]. Nauka. (Original work in Russian)
Mironov, L., & Turadjev, V. (2000). Islam i politika [Islam and politics]. Persiya: Prilozhenie k zhurnalu 'Aziya i Afrika segodnya', 2, 26–28. (Original work in Russian)
Pigulevskaya, N. V., Yakubovskiy, A. Yu., Petrushevskiy, I. P., et al. (1958). Istoriya Irana s drevneyshikh vremen do kontsa XVIII v. [History of Iran from ancient times to the end of the 18th century]. Leningrad University Press. (Original work in Russian)
Russko-uzbekskiy slovar' [Russian-Uzbek Dictionary]. (1954). (R. Abdurakhmonov, Ed.). Gosudarstvennoye izdatel'stvo inostrannykh i natsional'nykh slovarey. (Original work in Russian)
Tehran Mosavar. (1960, August 26). [Daily newspaper]. Tehran. (Original work in Persian)
Tokhtiev, S. (2024). The role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East at the end of the 20th century. Pubmedia Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2). https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=80853606
Tokhtiev, S. (2025). The role of the Imamate as the main Shiite dogma. The Journal of Interdisciplinary Human Studies, 1(3), 65–72. https://mijournals.com/Human_Studies/article/view/33
