THE EFFECT OF INDOLE-3-CARBINOL ON METABOLISM AND THE SAFETY OF ITS LONG-TERM USE IN WOMEN AT RISK
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading oncological diseases among women worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 million new cases are diagnosed every year, a significant portion of which are associated with hormonal imbalance and hereditary predisposition. Chemoprevention has become an important approach to reducing the risk of BC, particularly for women with high-risk factors such as a family history of the disease, genetic mutations (BRCA1/2), and hormonal disorders.
References
1. Kassahun BT, Li M, Liu Z, et al. Indole-3-carbinol suppresses estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis by modulating estrogen metabolism and signaling pathways. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2022;15(3):177–189.
2. Zhu W, Zhang L, Chen X, et al. Indole-3-carbinol enhances estrogen metabolism and inhibits proliferation in breast cancer cells via regulation of CYP1A1 expression. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:636878.
3. Chang JH, Kim MH, Rhee Y. Dietary indole-3-carbinol modulates estrogen metabolism and prevents hormone-dependent tumorigenesis. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1001.
4. Tesei A, Zamagni A, Arienti C, et al. Indole-3-carbinol and its derivatives: novel modulators of estrogen metabolism and breast cancer progression. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(2):205.
5. Chen D, Banerjee S, Cui Q, Kong AN. Isoflavones and indole-3-carbinol regulate estrogen-metabolizing enzymes and prevent estrogen-mediated breast carcinogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2020;64(1):e1900592.
6. Weng JR, Tsai CH, Kulp SK, Chen CS. Indole-3-carbinol as a chemopreventive and anti-cancer agent. Cancer Lett. 2021;496:20–31.




















