ADVANCES IN ORAL HEALTH: PREVENTION, TREATMENT, AND SYSTEMIC IMPLICATIONS

Abstract

Over the past 50 years, advancements in understanding, preventing, and treating oral diseases have significantly increased the number of individuals retaining their natural teeth. However, these teeth are often heavily restored and prone to further complications, increasing the risk of periodontal diseases. While modern dental care aims to maintain optimal oral health, chronic asymptomatic infections and mucosal disorders remain prevalent. Poor oral hygiene, genetic predisposition, smoking, alcohol consumption, and nutritional deficiencies contribute to the development of oral diseases. Effective oral care involves regular brushing with fluoride toothpaste, flossing, antibacterial mouthwash use, and professional dental check-ups. A well-balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals supports dental health, while limiting sugar intake reduces bacterial proliferation. Additionally, smoking cessation and stress management play crucial roles in oral disease prevention. The oral microbiota is unique, with streptococci dominating healthy individuals, but facultative anaerobes and gram-negative bacteria causing infections. The emergence of β-lactamase-producing Prevotella strains necessitates combination antibiotic therapy, such as metronidazole with penicillin. Research links poor oral health to systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Antimicrobial agents like chlorhexidine and triclosan show clinical efficacy in plaque control and gingivitis prevention. However, concerns about antimicrobial resistance highlight the need for cautious and judicious use. Maintaining good oral hygiene and regular dental visits are critical in preventing oral infections and their systemic implications.