AMERICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED MEDICAL SCIENCE
American journal of Applied medical science (ISSN 2996-5101) - is a subject-specific, peer-reviewed branch journal, published under supervision of reputable editorial board, USA. This journal publishes high-quality research articles in the field of public health, nursing, physical therapy, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical laboratory science, genetics, and radiologic technology, etc. Journal emphasizes new ideas and it is dedicated to publishing research and investigation with a focus on elevating original ideas and encouraging insightful perspectives. IF(Impact Factor):10.81 / 2025 ResearchBib
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MAMMOGRAPHY FOR BREAST CANCER DETECTION: ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSTICS, CLINICAL EFFICACY, AND CRITICAL APPRAISAL
Background and Objective: Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly reported as transformative tools in mammographic breast cancer screening; however, the existing literature is dominated by positive reporting, seldom critically interrogating methodological limitations, generalizability failures, or systemic barriers to deployment. This review aims to provide a balanced, critical appraisal of AI-assisted mammography by synthesizing evidence from large-scale clinical trials while explicitly evaluating the methodological weaknesses, dataset biases, workflow integration failures, and ethical gaps that constrain the translation of AI from controlled trial settings to routine clinical practice. A specific focus is placed on the implications for low-resource and non-Western healthcare settings, including Uzbekistan and Central Asia, where AI deployment faces unique structural and epidemiological challenges.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION TO HYPOXIA
This article analyzes the mechanisms of the body's adaptation to hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) at the physiological and cellular levels. Hypoxia is associated with various pathological conditions (cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, anemia) and extreme environments (high altitudes, underwater). The article covers HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor), activation of erythropoiesis, metabolic changes, vascular remodeling, and neurohumoral mechanisms. Understanding the molecular basis of adaptation to hypoxia enables the development of new strategies for treating ischemia, cancer, and metabolic diseases.
СИСТЕМНЫЕ МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ПРИ КОРИ У ДЕТЕЙ
В работе рассматриваются патоморфологические особенности кори у детей с акцентом на характер поражения тканей и органов при различных формах течения заболевания. Корь — это острое вирусное заболевание, вызываемое РНК-содержащим вирусом из семейства парамиксовирусов, обладающее высокой контагиозностью и выраженным тропизмом к эпителиальной и иммунной ткани. Наблюдения показывают, что морфологические изменения при кори носят системный характер и включают поражение дыхательных путей, кожи, лимфоидной ткани и центральной нервной системы. Особое внимание уделяется формированию гигантских многоядерных клеток и воспалительных инфильтратов, которые отражают активность вирусного процесса. По моему мнению, патоморфологический анализ позволяет глубже понять механизмы осложнений кори, включая пневмонию и энцефалит. Представленные данные могут быть использованы для совершенствования диагностики и профилактики заболевания.
ДИНАМИКА ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ВЛИЯНИЯ АЛЛЕРГИИ НА ФУНКЦИИ ПЕЧЕНИ У ДЕТЕЙ
Статья посвящена изучению влияния аллергических заболеваний на функциональное состояние печени в аспекте современной аллергологии и клинической медицины. Рассматриваются патофизиологические механизмы взаимодействия иммунной системы и гепатобилиарной системы при различных формах аллергии. Особое внимание уделено изменениям биохимических показателей печени у пациентов с аллергическими реакциями, а также роли хронического воспаления, медикаментозной нагрузки и иммунных нарушений в формировании печёночной дисфункции. В работе анализируются современные научные данные о влиянии пищевой аллергии, атопического дерматита, бронхиальной астмы и лекарственной аллергии на функции печени у детей и взрослых. Отдельно рассматриваются клинические наблюдения, проведённые в медицинских учреждениях Республики Узбекистан, где за последние годы отмечается рост распространённости аллергических заболеваний среди населения. Показано, что аллергические процессы способны вызывать изменения ферментативной активности печени, нарушать процессы детоксикации и влиять на обмен веществ. Автор подчёркивает необходимость комплексного подхода к диагностике и лечению пациентов с аллергическими заболеваниями, включая обязательную оценку состояния печени. Материал представляет практический интерес для аллергологов, терапевтов, педиатров и врачей общей практики.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФУНКЦИЙ ОРГАНИЗМА В РАЗНЫЕ ПЕРИОДЫ ЖИЗНИ, РАЗВИТИЕ РЕЧИ, ПОВЕДЕНИЯ
Функционирование организма человека на протяжении жизненного цикла характеризуется выраженной возрастной вариабельностью, отражающей сложные процессы морфофункционального созревания, стабилизации и последующего инволютивного перестроения. Особенности функций организма в разные периоды жизни формируются под влиянием генетических, нейрофизиологических, эндокринных и социокультурных факторов и находят наглядное отражение в развитии речи и поведения как интегративных показателей психофизиологического статуса человека. Понимание возрастных закономерностей этих процессов имеет фундаментальное значение для медицины, психологии, педагогики и нейронаук.
AQUAGENIC URTICARIA: ETIOLOGY, GENETICS, PATHOGENESIS, AND DIAGNOSTICS
Background Aquagenic urticaria (AU) is a rare form of inducible physical urticaria characterized by the development of pruritic wheals following contact with water, regardless of its temperature or source. Despite its paradoxical nature, the condition remains poorly understood, with limited data on its etiology, genetic basis, and underlying mechanisms.
SPECIFICITY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM OF CIS COUNTRIES. SPECIFICITY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
This article provides a comparative analysis of the organizational, legal, and practical aspects of psychological service delivery in the healthcare systems of the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) and European countries. In CIS countries, psychological services are primarily integrated into state medical institutions, with no clear distinction between psychotherapeutic and psychiatric care. In the European model, community-based psychological services, the private sector, and universal health insurance systems have made psychological counseling independent and widespread. The article analyzes the specific features, advantages, and disadvantages of both regional models, as well as the various models of psychological service delivery.
ADVANCES IN SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ISOLATED MEDIAL ORBITAL WALL FRACTURES
Isolated medial orbital wall fractures remain a small but technically demanding subset of orbital trauma. The deep location of the defect, the thin lamina papyracea, the risk of medial rectus entrapment, and the challenge of securing posterior support have kept reconstruction strategy under debate even as imaging, implants, and navigation have improved. A focused narrative review was prepared with emphasis on studies from the last decade that directly addressed isolated medial orbital wall fractures or offered closely transferable data on orbital reconstruction technology, implant positioning, and revision. Priority was given to systematic reviews, comparative studies, large case series, and technique papers reporting indications, access route, reconstruction method, implant choice, orbital volume restoration, diplopia, enophthalmos, motility, complications, and reintervention. Recent literature shows a clear shift from simple defect coverage toward anatomy-driven reconstruction. Transcaruncular and retrocaruncular exposure remain the main direct routes because they combine scar avoidance with reliable access to the medial wall. Endoscopic endonasal repair has matured from a niche alternative into a reproducible minimally invasive option with strong functional results in selected cases. A 2025 systematic review of 204 patients reported improvement or resolution of diplopia in 98.1 percent, enophthalmos in 88.2 percent, and motility restriction in 100 percent, with no reported revision surgery. Comparative and technical series also support newer repositioning methods, endoscopic slide-in reconstruction, and hybrid transcaruncular plus transethmoidal approaches. Material selection has become more tailored than dogmatic. Porous polyethylene, absorbable meshes, titanium devices, and u-HA and PLLA composites each have a defensible role when matched to defect geometry and the need for structural support. Digital tools are increasingly important in the deep posterior orbit, where free-hand reconstruction is most vulnerable to error. Navigation improves volumetric accuracy and lowers revision in broader orbital reconstruction, and medial-wall-specific data now show better orbital volume correction with navigation than without it. The major advances in medial wall reconstruction are not simply new implants. They are better control of the posterior boundary of the defect, safer minimally invasive access, and more accurate restoration of orbital volume. The field is moving toward selective endoscopic repair, navigation-guided reconstruction, and defect-matched biomaterials, but the evidence base remains dominated by retrospective series rather than high-level comparative trials.
THE EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC THERAPY ON CYTOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE MAXILLOFACIAL REGION
Inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region are characterized by rapid infection spread and severe clinical manifestations, making optimization of treatment approaches highly important. This study aimed to compare the cytological effectiveness of traditional local therapy and probiotic-assisted treatment in patients with odontogenic phlegmons. A total of 41 patients with maxillofacial phlegmons were examined. The control group (20 patients) received conventional treatment, while the experimental group (21 patients) additionally underwent local wound irrigation with the probiotic solution “Probiomix” (10 g/L). Cytological examinations were performed on days 1–2, 3–4, and 6–7. The probiotic group demonstrated faster reduction of purulent exudate, earlier wound cleansing, decreased neutrophilic infiltration, and accelerated regenerative changes compared with the traditional treatment group. In the control group, inflammatory cytological features persisted for a longer period.
TIBBIY XODIMLARNING KASBHUQUQBUZARLIKLARI BILAN BOG‘LIQ KOMISSION SUD-TIBBIY EKSPERTIZALARNI TAKOMILLAShTIRIShNING AYRIM MASALALARI
Maqolada tibbiy xodimlarning kasb huquqbuzarliklari yuzasidan o‘tkazilgan komission sud-tibbiy ekspertizalar materiallari bo‘yicha ekspertizani tayinlash jarayonida ekspertlar komissiyasini shakllantirish, ekspertizaga taqdim etiladigan ob’ektlar hamda ekspertlar komissiyasi oldiga qo‘yiladigan savollar bilan bog‘liq masalalar tahlil qilingan.
РОЛЬ МРТ В ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ АЛЬЦГЕЙМЕРА
Болезнь Альцгеймера является наиболее распространённой формой нейродегенеративной деменции, характеризующейся прогрессирующим снижением когнитивных функций и структурными изменениями головного мозга [4, 5]. В настоящее время магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) занимает важное место в диагностике данного заболевания, позволяя выявлять морфологические и функциональные изменения на ранних стадиях патологического процесса [6, 9]. Наиболее характерными МРТ-признаками болезни Альцгеймера являются атрофия гиппокампа, медиальных отделов височных долей, коры теменных долей, а также расширение желудочков и субарахноидальных пространств [1, 7]. Использование современных методов нейровизуализации, таких как функциональная МРТ, диффузионно-тензорная томография и морфометрический анализ, значительно повышает точность ранней диагностики, позволяет проводить дифференциальную диагностику с другими формами деменции и оценивать динамику прогрессирования заболевания [3, 8]. Таким образом, МРТ является важным неинвазивным методом диагностики болезни Альцгеймера и играет значительную роль в комплексном обследовании пациентов с когнитивными нарушениями [2].
GLOBAL PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF DRY EYE DISEASE IN THE UNIVERSITY POPULATION: A REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE LITERATURE REVIEW
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder characterised by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and neurosensory abnormalities. Although historically associated with older adults, converging epidemiological evidence now positions university students as a high-risk population. This literature review synthesises global evidence on DED prevalence among university students and critically examines the behavioural, environmental, demographic, clinical, and psychosocial risk factors underlying its development and severity.
DIAGNOSIS, PATHOGENESIS, AND MANAGEMENT OF PCOS-RELATED INFERTILITY: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting women of reproductive age, with a global prevalence estimated between 5% and 20% depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. It is a leading cause of anovulatory infertility and is characterized by a heterogeneous constellation of reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic abnormalities. This literature review synthesizes current evidence on the genetic underpinnings, complex pathogenic mechanisms, and evidence-based management strategies for PCOS-related infertility. Key topics include the polygenic architecture of PCOS, epigenetic and transgenerational transmission, the central roles of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in disease pathophysiology, as well as the impact of elevated anti-Müllerian hormone and ovarian microenvironment dysregulation. Management strategies encompass lifestyle modification, pharmacological ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate and letrozole, metformin and GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy, gonadotropin protocols, and advanced assisted reproductive technologies including IVF with tailored stimulation. Understanding the multidimensional nature of PCOS is critical for optimizing fertility outcomes.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF BLOOD UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED SOYA.
When assessing the effect of genetically modified products on the body, it is not enough to analyze only morphological or only biochemical indicators separately. This study is aimed at determining the relationship between morphological changes in liver tissue and biochemical markers in the blood against the background of consuming genetically modified soybeans. The experiments were conducted on white outbred rats, and a comparative and correlation analysis of the histological state of the liver, the degree of dystrophy of hepatocytes, and the content of ALT and AST enzymes was carried out. The obtained results showed a direct correlation between the severity of morphological lesions and the increase in the level of liver enzymes.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CRITERIA OF THE LIVER AND PANCREAS IN ASSESSING THE MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RISK OF GEN-MODIFIED PRODUCTS.
The widespread use of genetically modified products in the food industry requires the development of accurate, reliable, and practical criteria for assessing their level of safety for the body. This study is aimed at determining the criteria for assessing the medical and biological risk of the product based on the analysis of morphological changes developing in the liver and pancreas as a result of consuming genetically modified soybeans. The experiments were conducted on white outbred rats, and a comprehensive assessment of morphological and biochemical indicators was carried out. The obtained results showed that the structural changes detected in the liver and pancreas can be the main prognostic criterion for assessing the degree of negative effects of genetically modified products on the body.
INAPPROPRIATE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS AS A FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
This article examines inappropriate antibiotic use as one of the principal factors contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance. Uncontrolled consumption of antibacterial agents without medical prescription, together with errors in clinical prescribing practice, reduces therapeutic effectiveness and promotes the emergence and spread of resistant microorganisms. Particular attention is paid to self-medication, non-prescription access to antibiotics, and insufficient public awareness of the distinction between viral and bacterial infections. On the basis of a questionnaire survey, the study demonstrates that inappropriate antibiotic use remains common in everyday practice. The article also discusses clinically relevant consequences, including complications of infectious diseases, and outlines preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk of further dissemination of antibiotic resistance.
ICHAK MIKROFLORASI VA VAZN BOSHQARUVI O‘RTASIDAGI BOG‘LIQLIK
Ushbu maqolada ichak mikroflorasi, ya’ni ichak mikrobiotasi va vazn boshqaruvi o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlik ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Ichak mikrobiotasi ovqat hazm bo‘lishi, energiya ajralishi, qisqa zanjirli yog‘ kislotalari hosil bo‘lishi, immun tizim, yallig‘lanish, insulin sezuvchanligi va ishtaha boshqaruvida muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Maqolada disbioz, ovqatlanish tarkibi, tolali mahsulotlar, probiotiklar, prebiotiklar, fermentlangan oziq-ovqatlar, jismoniy faollik va metabolik salomatlik o‘rtasidagi munosabat yoritiladi. Shuningdek, mikrobiotani sog‘lomlashtirish vazn boshqaruvida yordamchi yo‘nalish bo‘lishi mumkinligi, ammo uni yagona davolash usuli sifatida qabul qilmaslik zarurligi asoslab beriladi.
COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING POST-STROKE DEPRESSION: EFFICACY OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES
Post-stroke depression (PSD) represents the most prevalent neuropsychiatric complication of stroke, affecting approximately 25-35% of stroke survivors within the first year (Robinson & Jorge, 2016). Beyond its psychological burden, PSD is independently associated with increased mortality, poorer functional outcomes, and reduced adherence to rehabilitation programs (Ayerbe et al., 2013).
EFFECT OF TRANSCRANIALMICROPOLARIZATIONONNEUROCOGNITIVEANDHEMODYNAMICPARAMETERS IN PATIENTSWITHCHRONIC CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA
This article examines the effect of transcranial micropolarization on neurocognitive and hemodynamic parameters in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. Chronic cerebral ischemia is associated with progressive cognitive decline, impaired cerebral blood circulation, and reduced quality of life. The study evaluates the therapeutic potential of transcranial micropolarization as a non-invasive neuromodulation method aimed at improving cognitive functions and cerebral hemodynamics. Neuropsychological testing and instrumental diagnostic methods were used to assess changes in memory, attention, executive functions, and cerebral blood flow dynamics before and after treatment. The findings demonstrate positive effects of transcranial micropolarization on neurocognitive performance and cerebral circulation indicators, suggesting its перспективность as a complementary therapeutic approach in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia.
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEM IMBALANCE IN CHRONIC DEPRESSION: THE ROLE OF SEROTONIN,DOPAMINE, ANDNOREPINEPHRINE.
Chronic depression is a complex and multifactorial mental disorder characterized by persistent low mood, anhedonia, and cognitive dysfunction. One of the central mechanisms underlying this condition is the imbalance in key neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Serotonin is primarily associated with mood regulation, emotional stability, and sleep patterns, and its deficiency is linked to increased anxiety and depressive symptoms. Dopamine plays a critical role in motivation, reward processing, and pleasure, and its dysregulation contributes to anhedonia and reduced motivation observed in chronic depression. Norepinephrine is involved in attention, arousal, and stress response, and its imbalance may lead to impaired concentration and fatigue. The interaction between these neurotransmitter systems creates a complex neurochemical network that influences the onset and progression of depressive disorders. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving pharmacological treatments and developing targeted therapeutic strategies for chronic depression.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METACOGNITION AND SUICIDAL RISK IN FIRST-EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA
This article explores the relationship between metacognitive functioning and suicidal risk in individuals experiencing a first episode of psychosis associated with schizophrenia. Metacognition, defined as the ability to reflect upon and understand one’s own mental states and those of others, plays a crucial role in emotional regulation, decision-making, and adaptive behavior. In early-stage schizophrenia, impairments in metacognitive processes are frequently observed and may contribute to increased vulnerability to suicidal ideation and behavior. The study aims to analyze how deficits in self-reflectivity, understanding of others’ mental states, and mastery of cognitive processes influence suicidal risk during the first psychotic episode. Special attention is given to the interaction between clinical symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, and metacognitive dysfunctions. The findings suggest that lower levels of metacognitive capacity are significantly associated with higher suicidal risk, as individuals struggle to interpret their experiences and regulate distress effectively. Understanding this relationship has important clinical implications. Early assessment of metacognitive abilities may help identify high-risk individuals and guide targeted psychotherapeutic interventions. Enhancing metacognitive skills could serve as a protective factor, reducing suicidal tendencies and improving overall prognosis in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND LARYNX IN HUMAN ANATOMY
The nasal cavity and larynx are integral components of the human respiratory system, playing crucial roles in air conduction, filtration, humidification, and phonation. This study explores the morphological characteristics of these structures, emphasizing their anatomical organization and functional significance. The nasal cavity serves as the primary gateway for inspired air, equipped with specialized mucosa and vascular networks that ensure optimal air conditioning. The larynx, located between the pharynx and trachea, functions not only as an air passage but also as a complex organ responsible for voice production and airway protection. Through a comprehensive analysis of anatomical data and existing literature, this paper highlights the interrelationship between structure and function in both organs. Understanding these morphological features is essential for clinical practice, particularly in diagnosing and managing respiratory and otolaryngological disorders.
MASHINASOZLIKDA YANGI MATERIALLAR VA ZAMONAVIY ISHLOV BERISH TEXNOLOGIYALARINI QO‘LLASH SAMARADORLIGI
Mazkur maqolada mashinasozlik sanoatida yangi materiallar va zamonaviy ishlov berish texnologiyalarini qo‘llashning nazariy asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Zamonaviy ishlab chiqarish jarayonlarida yuqori mustahkamlikka ega materiallar hamda yuqori aniqlikdagi ishlov berish texnologiyalaridan foydalanish muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Maqolada kompozit materiallar, nano-strukturali materiallar, titan va alyuminiy qotishmalari kabi zamonaviy materiallarning xususiyatlari hamda RDB, lazerli ishlov berish va additiv ishlab chiqarish texnologiyalarining samaradorligi ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, yangi materiallar va zamonaviy texnologiyalarni qo‘llash ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirish, mahsulot sifatini yaxshilash va energiya sarfini kamaytirishga imkon beradi.
MASHINASOZLIK KORXONALARIDA SUN’IY INTELLEKT ASOSIDA ISHLAB CHIQARISHNI BOSHQARISH
Mazkur maqolada mashinasozlik korxonalarida ishlab chiqarish jarayonlarini samarali tashkil etishda sun’iy intellekt texnologiyalaridan foydalanish masalalari tahlil qilingan. Sun’iy intellekt asosida ishlab chiqarishni boshqarish tizimlari yordamida texnologik jarayonlarni optimallashtirish, ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirish va resurslardan oqilona foydalanish imkoniyatlari o‘rganilgan. Shuningdek, mashinasozlik korxonalarida sun’iy intellektni joriy etishning iqtisodiy va texnologik afzalliklari ko‘rib chiqilgan.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTOR–APPRENTICE TRADITIONS IN TEACHING PHTHISIOLOGY IN MEDICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Phthisiology — the clinical discipline addressing tuberculosis (TB) and related respiratory diseases — demands a complex integration of epidemiological reasoning, infection control expertise, patient-centred communication, and adherence counselling. These competencies are not adequately transmitted through didactic instruction alone; they require immersive, supervised clinical experience guided by experienced practitioners. The mentor–apprentice (Ustoz–Shogird) tradition, deeply embedded in Central Asian and broader Eastern pedagogical culture, provides a culturally resonant and educationally validated model for such transmission.
PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE FERGANA VALLEY (UZBEKISTAN) IN COMPLEX THERAPY OF KIDNEY DISEASES
Chronic kidney diseases are characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and progressive nephron damage. Traditional medicinal plants of the Fergana Valley represent a promising source of nephroprotective agents due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. This study presents an integrated analysis of phytotherapy effects on key biomarkers—malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)—and evaluates their role in complex treatment strategies.
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ РНК-СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ВИРУСОВ В АСПЕКТЕ МИКРОБИОЛОГИИ.
РНК-содержащие вирусы занимают центральное место в современной микробиологии, поскольку они представляют одну из наиболее многочисленных и эволюционно динамичных групп вирусных агентов. Высокая скорость мутаций, обусловленная особенностями репликации РНК-геномов, формирует значительное генетическое разнообразие, влияющее на патогенность, адаптационные механизмы и эпидемиологические характеристики вирусов. В микробиологическом аспекте изучение РНК-вирусов имеет фундаментальное значение для понимания механизмов вирусной репликации, взаимодействия с клеткой-хозяином, а также формирования иммунного ответа. Представленный тезис направлен на научное обоснование роли РНК-содержащих вирусов в системе микробиологических исследований, с учетом современных статистических данных, молекулярно-биологических механизмов и их значения для диагностики и профилактики инфекционных заболеваний.
FEATURES OF PRE- AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOR SURGICAL PATIENTS AND IT’S IMPACT ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES
In this article, the impact of the surgical patient care process on clinical effectiveness was analyzed in depth. During the study, it was found that the preoperative preparation of patients, the systematic organization of postoperative monitoring and rehabilitation stages leads to a decrease in postoperative complications. The results obtained showed that the use of a complex and individual approach is important in surgical practice.
ONE DECISION, SAFER SURGERY: HOW ROBOTICS SUPPORTS KIDNEY DONORS AND RECIPIENTS”
The advancements in robotics have significantly influenced various aspects of medicine, including organ transplantation. This article explores how robotic technologies support kidney donors and recipients, examining their advantages, challenges, and potential complications. By providing a clear overview of the role of robotics in renal transplantation, medical students can better understand the state-of-the-art practices that enhance patient outcomes in this critical area of healthcare.
MODERN DIAGNOSTIC METHODS AND PREVENTION OF MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis is a medical emergency capable of causing death within 24 hours of symptom onset. Despite the availability of vaccines and established treatment protocols, timely and accurate diagnosis remains the single greatest determinant of clinical outcome. Objective: This literature review critically evaluates contemporary diagnostic methods and preventive strategies for meningococcal infection, with particular emphasis on evidence published between 2023 and 2025. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, WHO, and CDC databases was conducted using the terms “meningococcal diagnosis,” “Ng meningitidis PCR,” “meningococcal vaccine,” “meningococcal NGS,” and related MeSH headings. Studies published between January 2023 and June 2025 were prioritized; foundational references predating this window were included where necessary to provide methodological context. Key Findings: Multiplex real-time PCR has supplanted culture as the diagnostic reference standard in many high-income settings, offering sensitivity exceeding 93% independent of prior antibiotic administration. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing and AI-assisted clinical decision tools represent emerging but not yet operationally validated technologies. The newly FDA-approved pentavalent vaccine MenABCWY (Penbraya) and the advancing pentavalent ACYWX candidate signal a shift toward broader-spectrum single-injection protection. Conclusion: While diagnostic and preventive capabilities have advanced substantially, critical gaps persist in low-resource settings, in surveillance of emerging serogroups, and in equitable vaccine access. Integrated genomic surveillance and AI-assisted triage offer the most promising directions for bridging these gaps.