CELL INJURY, CELL DEATH, AND CELLULAR AGING: MECHANISMS, MORPHOLOGY, AND BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Abstract
The maintenance of cellular homeostasis is essential for the survival and proper functioning of multicellular organisms. Cells constantly interact with their internal and external environments and are exposed to a wide range of physiological and pathological stimuli. Although cells possess adaptive mechanisms that allow them to respond to stress, these mechanisms are finite. When the intensity or duration of a harmful stimulus exceeds the adaptive capacity of the cell, cellular injury occurs. Cell injury is therefore a central concept in pathology and underlies the development of most diseases (Kumar et al., 2021).
References
Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2021.
Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Basic Pathology. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2018.
Galluzzi L, et al. Cell death mechanisms. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2018;19:1–17.
Elmore S. Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic Pathology. 2007;35(4):495–516.
Finkel T, Holbrook NJ. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature. 2000;408:239–247.
López-Otín C, et al. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013;153(6):1194–1217.
Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Experimental Cell Research. 1965;37:614–636.
