ENDOCRINOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Abstract
Pregnancy is a unique physiological state that requires profound adaptations of the maternal endocrine system. These adaptations are sometimes insufficient, leading to the manifestation or worsening of various endocrine disorders. Among the most significant are gestational diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunctions, obesity-related conditions, and polycystic ovary syndrome. This paper provides a narrative review supported by recent statistics, clinical experiences, and large-scale observational studies. The findings demonstrate the magnitude of these disorders in both global and regional contexts and underline the urgent need for early detection and integrated management approaches.
References
1. World Health Organization. (2023). Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
2. International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF diabetes atlas (10th ed.). Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation.
3. American Thyroid Association. (2020). Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid, 30(3), 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2019.0415
4. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. (2019). Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 381(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1901111
5. Johansson, J., et al. (2020). PCOS and pregnancy outcomes: A population-based cohort study. Human Reproduction, 35(6), 1365–1374. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa067
6. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan. (2024). Maternal and child health statistical bulletin. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Ministry of Health.
7. Lancet Global Health. (2022). Maternal obesity and pregnancy risks. The Lancet Global Health, 10(5), e600–e602. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00085-0
8. European Journal of Endocrinology. (2022). Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcomes: A multicenter European study. European Journal of Endocrinology, 186(4), 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-21-1234
9. American Diabetes Association. (2021). Gestational diabetes mellitus: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2021. Diabetes Care, 44(Supplement 1), S200–S204. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S014
10. Farrar, D., Simmonds, M., Bryant, M., Lawlor, D. A., Dunne, F., & Tuffnell, D. (2017). Treatments for gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 7(6), e015557. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015557
11. International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF diabetes atlas (10th ed.). Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. https://diabetesatlas.org
12. Zhu, Y., & Zhang, C. (2016). Prevalence of gestational diabetes and risk of progression to type 2 diabetes: A global perspective. Current Diabetes Reports, 16(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0699-x




















