PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem characterized by a progressive decline in kidney function over months or years. It arises from diverse etiologies, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. The pathogenesis of CKD involves complex interactions between hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory factors. Key processes include renal hyperfiltration, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. These mechanisms contribute to the loss of nephrons, maladaptive repair responses, and irreversible kidney damage. This article reviews the major pathways implicated in CKD progression, highlights emerging molecular insights, and discusses therapeutic approaches aimed at halting disease progression.
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